Explanation:
The product rule for counting states that if there are m ways to make a first choice and n ways to make a second choice, the total number of combinations is m × n.
If items cannot be repeated, reduce the number of available choices by 1 for each next position. If you are choosing a pair of items where order does not matter (e.g. picking a team of 2 people or handshakes), divide by 2 at the end so each pair is not counted twice.
Example 1: A restaurant menu has 5 starters, 8 main courses, and 4 desserts. How many different 3-course meals can be chosen?
Solution:
Multiply the number of choices for each course:
Total meals = 5 × 8 × 4
5 × 8 = 40; 40 × 4 = 160
Answer: 160 meals
Example 2: A 4-digit PIN uses digits from 1 to 9 with no repeated digits. The first digit must be even (2, 4, 6 or 8). How many PINs are possible?
Solution:
1st digit: 4 choices (2, 4, 6, or 8)
2nd digit: 8 remaining digits (from the 9 digits 1–9)
3rd digit: 7 choices; 4th digit: 6 choices
Total = 4 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 1344
Answer: 1344 PINs